When citing a source for the first time, include all needed information.

The page range for full articles will appear on the Bibliography.

Provide the page number(s) for only the specific quotation or fact you are citing in that particular sentence.

Place a period after 'al.' and do not use a comma between the author's name and 'et al.' (James Smith et al.)

For 4 or more authors, include only the first author followed by 'et al.' (meaning 'and everyone else').

For 2 to 3 authors, include all of the author names and combine them with 'and.'.

Write all author names in normal order (FirstName LastName).

Begin the citation with the author(s).

The following lines for the same citation will be flush left.

Indent the first line of each citation half an inch.

Begin the citation with the appropriate number in regular font or in superscript, followed by a period.

The general formatting of a citation is the same for both footnotes and endnotes, depending on which you choose. Endnotes list all citations at the end of the document. 1 Footnotes and Endnotesįootnotes list citations at the bottom of the page for information cited on that page. The Titanic sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg on April 14, 1912. Within your text, place superscript numbers at the end of the clause or sentence and after all punctuation, including commas, periods, and quotation marks.

You will use each superscript number only once.

SuperscriptsĬhicago uses superscript numbers ( 1, 2, 3) within the text to guide readers to the citation in either a footnote or endnote. You will also cite all sources from the text in a Bibliography at the end of the document. When using Chicago's Notes and Bibliography (NB) system, you will use superscripts within the text to refer to citations in the footnotes or endnotes. This handout describes the Notes and Bibliography system, which is commonly used in history and the humanities. Chicago Style has two systems for citation: (1) Notes and Bibliography or (2) Author-Date.

Chicago endnote citation example